Grasslands, including savannas, prairies, and steppes, are vital for ecosystems globally and particularly in Europe (White et al., 2000). These landscapes are critical for agricultural productivity as well as for biodiversity and climate change mitigation. For example, grasslands signifcantly contribute to Europe’s agricultural landscape and provide livestock forage as well as regional revenues. But European grasslands, particularly permanent ones, also play a key role in biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration, aiding climate change mitigation. They are essential for soil preservation and water regulation, maintaining the ecological balance in agricultural regions. Moreover, their cultural and historical values, linked with traditional agricultural practices and recreational activities, are signifcant. Thus, sustainable management of grasslands is crucial for preserving their ecological functions and ecosystem services (Schils et al., 2022). For Europe, this means aligning food and feed production with reducing environmental footprint of permanent grassland use, while providing income to farmers and land managers. Clearly, effective management strategies rely on accurately determining grassland functions. However, which technologies and approaches to use and which strategies will be adopted by land managers is far less clear.