Developments in variable-rate application systems in precision agriculture
摘要
Agricultural production has increased considerably with innovative approaches and mechanization, including new crop varieties, irrigation, chemical fertilizers and agrochemical applications for precision farming in developed countries (Giller et al. 2021). Agricultural mechanization and its applications have revolutionized the agricultural industry since the early 1950s (Pingali 2007). For example, tractors were used for several types of tillage practices in the early years of farm mechanization. However, with the invention of commercial fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, farm mechanization leaped towards the manufacturing and development of various kinds of agrochemical applicators (Kumar et al. 2021). Engineers, scientists, growers and other stakeholders have worked on the development of these applicators for each cropping system and every geographic location on the planet. For example, farm sizes in North America, Europe and Australia require large-sized applicators to cover thousands of hectares of cropping areas. However, farm sizes in most parts of Asia and Africa require small applicators to conduct farm operations efficiently (Giller et al. 2021). Another significant consideration in developing agrochemical applicators was the mode of application (liquid or dry) (Matthews et al. 2014). According to the literature, researchers continue to enhance the delivery systems and reach optimal performance.