Cultivating agricultural crops in combination with trees dates back to the beginning of plant and animal domestication (King, 1987). Since then, numerous agroforestry practices have been developed throughout tropical and temperate environments. For example, the Dehesa or Montado system in Europe’s Mediterranean region, which integrates cork (Quercus suber L.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) with livestock grazing and cereal cultivation, has been used for ~4500 years (Nerlich et al., 2013). Although wood pastures, the combination of forests with pastures and field crops, date to Neolithic times in northern Europe, this farming system was still widely used in this region until the early twentieth century (King, 1987; Nerlich et al., 2013). Other common European agroforestry systems included orchard intercropping, hedgerows, and windbreaks (Nerlich et al., 2013). Prior to North American colonization, First Nations were active land managers by using fire to improve wildlife forage, hunt, and travel and boost medicinal plant and berry production (Castleden et al., 2009; Hoffman, 2022). In southwestern USA and northern Mexico, the soil beneath mesquite (Prosopis spp.), a nitrogen-fixing tree, was used to fertilize crops (Bainbridge et al., 1990). However, European settlement of North America introduced new agricultural methods, but some of the European agroforestry practices like tree-based intercropping, orchard intercropping, wood pastures, windbreaks, and home gardens were adopted in the new world (Williams et al., 1997). Furthermore, China has a long history of practicing agroforestry, where Han Dynasty (206 bc to ad 220) administrators recommended to develop forested areas that also included crop and livestock production (You, 1991). Thus, the frequency and distribution of woody vegetation throughout the temperate zone, on a global scale, was tipped toward tree species suitable and useful for human use, which caused trees to become an integral part of the agricultural landscape (Worms, 2021).