The General Assembly of the United Nations has adopted a resolution to shift the global food production chains onto a sustainable and resilient path (Dicke, 2018). Despite these intensifying efforts, the aim of meeting food security needs means a greater challenge for researchers to implement research that will lead to food production increases – and more is still in pursuit for about 40 years since the establishment of the green revolution (Hobbs, 2007). A trending issue in food security is the production of sufficient, high-quality, and digestible protein sources which hinges mainly on sustainable livestock production (Dicke, 2018). The production of animal protein food relies on the feedstuff for livestock that is either suitable for human consumption (such as cereals and soybean meal) or for natural resources (such as fishmeal) which is becoming scarce due to overfishing of the oceans (Bovera et al., 2016; Dicke, 2018). Moreover, the demand for animal protein is significantly higher – and is projected to continue to rise – as the human population increases and its nutritional requirement is unsteady (Selaledi et al., 2020). Therefore, animal production is at the nexus of several of the greatest challenges we faced in the twenty-first century. However, achieving food security by curbing climate change with the same critical resources such as arable land, water, and energy has become increasingly difficult (Oberthür and Groen, 2018). The available land to produce enough feedstuff is shrinking due to increasing urbanisation (Hobbs, 2007). In addition, land use is a major issue when searching for opportunities to plant more feedstuff so as to ensure a steady supply of animal feed ingredients (Bovera et al., 2016). To a large extent, the enormous proportion of land used in livestock farming is occupied mainly by planted crops as feed (Dicke, 2018). Furthermore, there is an increase in the prices of soybean and fishmeal. However, existing competition between humans and livestock for soybean consumption is on the rise (Elahi et al., 2020; Chodová and Tůmová, 2020). As for fishmeal and oil production, the wild capture of forage fish is declining, and high coastal habitat impairment is a reality (Chodová and Tůmová, 2020). Other challenges include the reduction in environmental impacts such as biodiversity loss, land loss, and loss of ecosystem (Smith and Gregory, 2013).