Advances in understanding soil microbiomes in ecosystem functions across trophic chains
摘要
Soil is the basis for all agricultural development and one of, if not, the most important resources to feed humanity. While being the foundation of our well-being, soil microbiomes, defined as a consortium of all bacteria and fungi living in soil environments, host about 15% of global biomass (Bar-On et al., 2018). In addition to bringing in a huge biomass, soil is one of the most diverse biomes on our planet by hosting the most heterogeneous and diverse microbial communities (Xiong et al., 2021) and harboring around 25% of Earth’s terrestrial species (Guerra et al., 2021). Soil microbiomes involve microbes with gene functions responsible for decomposition, climate regulation, plant growth promotion and stress tolerance, pest and disease control, degradation of pollutants and nutrient cycling and therefore display key players in ecosystem functioning (Hartmann and Six, 2023). The interaction between soil microbes and plants (i.e. plant–soil–feedback, the process of plants altering the biotic and abiotic soil properties which in turn alters the ability of plants to grow in this soil in the future) is one of the most important interactions in agroecosystems as it has the potential to support, e.g. plant growth and stress tolerance that are key to securing food supply for a growing world population, especially under changing climates. Considering plant microbiomes, soilderived microorganisms are mainly associated with the rhizosphere and the roots themselves (Zarraonaindia et al., 2015). Microbial biomass and activity are up to 20 times higher in surroundings where roots and fungal hyphae are growing compared to bulk soil (Finzi et al., 2015; Kuzyakov and Blagodatskaya, 2015). The soil microbiome is therefore considered as a second genome that plants access and add to their functional diversity (Mendes et al., 2013).