Plant rhizosphere is a dynamic region governed by complex interactions between plants and organisms closely associated with roots (Walker et al., 2003). Root exudates, secretions from roots, rhizodeposits, and microbially modified products, dictate microbiome–plant interactions, benefiting plants, improving soil fertility, and enhancing toxic chemical breakdown (Vives-Peris et al., 2020). These interactions often benefit plants, improve soil fertility, and enhance the breakdown of toxic chemicals. Rhizosphere represents a thin layer of soil surrounding roots, i.e. the intersection between plant roots and the surrounding soil (~2 mm), harbours a dynamic and highly active microbial community. It can be viewed as a semicontinuous zone between the interior of the root (the endosphere), and the root surface commonly referred to as the rhizoplane (i.e. including root epidermal cells and the mucilage). The rhizosphere is also a crucial interface for plant nutrient acquisition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression, where soil-borne pathogens establish parasitic relationships with plants (Tracanna et al., 2021). Microbiomes in the rhizosphere play crucial roles in plant growth, and understanding and manipulating these cross-talks, facilitated by native and modified root exudates and gene products, could ensure food security and resource sustainability in a changing global environment (Wang et al., 2022). Also, the impact of climate change and associated abiotic stresses will have a significant impact on the below-ground plant traits, both in the rhizosphere and roots, a better understanding of the microbe–microbe and plant–microbe interactions under stress and the plasticity of their responses for different crops and in different soil environments would help in the development of adaptation and mitigation practices to climate change (George et al., 2024).