One of the many challenges in agricultural regions worldwide is how to conserve the native biodiversity of each region, given that most of the land and associated water resources in these regions are managed for food and fibre production. In some parts of the world, the opportunity has long since passed: for instance, Ireland had lost virtually all its primary tree cover by 1600 (Montgomery and Reid, 2024). In other regions where agricultural expansion is still ongoing, such as Amazonia, the challenge is to cease illegal deforestation and improve the well-being of the indigenous human population that has long co-existed with their rainforest home. This will require law enforcement and conservation financing to plan a future where the human and the natural world can coexist indefinitely (Hanusch, 2023).