The foundations of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the associated security landscape form a critical area of study and development in today’s interconnected world. IoT refers to the vast and growing network of physical devices, sensors, actuators, embedded systems, and smart objects that communicate and share data over the internet. These devices range from everyday consumer products like smart thermostats and wearable health monitors to complex industrial systems, smart cities, and critical infrastructure. The core idea of IoT is to enhance automation, improve operational efficiency, and enable real-time decision-making by collecting, analyzing, and acting on data generated by these interconnected devices.