This chapter examines the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of nanomaterials, focusing on the mechanisms through which they interact with genetic material and cellular structures. It explores standardized evaluation methods for assessing cytotoxicity across various cell types and tissues, highlighting recent advancements in high-throughput screening and in vitro testing protocols. The discussion on health risk implications analyzes potential consequences of nanomaterial exposure in diverse contexts, while mitigation strategies address ways to reduce toxicity through material design and exposure control. The chapter concludes by examining how artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies are transforming risk assessment procedures, enabling more accurate prediction and monitoring of nanomaterial safety profiles.