Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as next-generation conductive solid functional materials with outstanding potential for electrochemical applications, such as batteries, supercapacitors, catalysts, sensors, electronics, and spintronics. To date, many conductive MOFs (c-MOFs) have been constructed, and their potential applications have been explored as well. However, the rational design and synthesis of c-MOFs remain a major challenge due to the structural characteristics of MOFs. In this chapter, c-MOFs are divided into two categories according to the types of charge carriers: electronic conduction and ionic conduction. The former is further divided into three categories: through bond, through space, and through two-dimensional conjugated MOFs, and the latter is divided into three types: cation, proton, and anion. The strategies to improve conductivity are also discussed. The typical MOF-based electronic and ionic conductors, including materials preparations, conductivity measurements, conductive mechanisms, and applications, are summarized and highlighted. Finally, the status and challenges at the forefront of c-MOFs technologies are elaborated.