This chapter discusses the three stages of the Chinese policy and discourse of dual nationality: (1) the emigration and institutionalization of dual nationality during the prewar era, (2) the nonrecognition of dual nationality during the Cold War, and (3) the continuation and enforcement of the state’s single nationality policy. Emigration in Imperial China gave rise to the concept of emigrant citizenship, in which the regime continued to claim the allegiance of its overseas Chinese (huaqiao). During the Cold War era, China’s foreign policy did not recognize dual nationality as a major issue in the efforts to improve diplomatic ties with neighboring countries and end international isolation. The state’s prohibition of dual nationality has been upheld until now despite multiple requests from returned migrants (haigui) for the liberalization of such principle. Moreover, the state’s enforcement via the deprivation of emigrants’ household registration (hukou) system of dual nationals has been intensified since 2010. In 2014, an online portal was launched to encourage the public to report cases of dual national Chinese who hide their hukou status after acquiring foreign citizenship. The findings show that the discourse of dual nationality has been shaped by several factors, including the country’s history of emigration, foreign policy, the Cold War, return migration, economic globalization, and anticorruption campaign.