The authors challenge dominant narratives that frame aging and care primarily as a demographic crisis, arguing that such framings obscure the structural inequalities shaping the lives of older adults and their care providers. Drawing on interdisciplinary scholarship, focusing on Asia and the Global South, the chapter reconceptualizes aging as a relational and materially embedded process shaped by gendered, classed, and intersectional dynamics. The chapter foregrounds the political economy of care and examines how care work—unpaid and underpaid, often performed by women, informal workers, and migrants—is organized across households, communities, markets, and states. It interrogates normative assumptions about caregiving, including the marginalization of older adults without proximate kin or who fall outside heteronormative and ableist frameworks. Emphasizing the agency of older persons and carers alike, the chapter calls for rights-based, gender-transformative public policies that center justice, equity, and sustainability in the organization of care and in responses to population aging.