Using data from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE) for India (2007–2008) and China (2008–2010), this chapter examines the association of financial stress and cognitive outcome among the elderly in India and China. The study hypothesizes that financial instability is higher among elderly working in the unorganized sector and has a bearing on cognitive health. Result shows that financial stress has negative effects on cognitive health score among the elderly. On an average, the cognitive health score is better for the elderly who retired from the organized sectors than those retired from the unorganized sectors. Those elderly who are currently working in organized sectors had a higher cognition in China (1.16) than in India (0.59). Findings strongly advocate addressing the structural inadequacy in pension and social security systems for the elderly in India and China.