The rising share of the elderly in the population has several economic implications, including alterations in workforce participation and economic growth. The enhanced economic growth in India during the last three decades did not make a corresponding improvement in the access to social security for the aging population, which has compelled most elderly people to continue working till late in their life span. And, this, in turn, has an implication for dependency ratios computed only based on the age structure of the population. Therefore, this chapter proposes to estimate the economic burden of aging based on workforce participation of all adult population aged 15–64 years and elderly population aged 65 years and above. The newly proposed measures, economic-adjusted age dependency ratio (EADR) and economic-adjusted old-age dependency ratio (EAODR), estimate the financial burden of the older adults more correctly by adjusting to out-of-workforce population for all adult population aged 15–64 years and 64 years and above. Our findings suggest that the states with higher age dependency ratio (OADR), such as Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, etc., have lower EADR as a result of the better workforce participation rate among population aged 15 years and above. Across the states, the discordance in the ranks of OADR and EADR in NCT of Delhi (OADR 0.13; EADR 1.06) has the highest EADR but exhibits lowest OADR, whereas Himachal Pradesh (OADR 0.19; EADR 0.28) has the lowest EADR but accounts for the highest OADR. Similarly, the estimates of EAODR show that majority of the states have a high OADR but relatively low EAODR. And, this difference is largest for Himachal Pradesh (OADR 19.6; EAODR 8.8) followed by Andhra Pradesh (OADR 18.5; EAODR 10.5) and Tamil Nadu (OADR 20.5; EAODR 13.6). These instances imply that not all working-age population are working, while all older population are not economically dependent. Therefore, EADR and EAODR are potential measures to estimate the actual economic burden of age dependency and help in strengthening economic policies and social safety net programs and further help in designing employment policies to promote healthy and active aging societies.