Gene banks, repositories of genetic material such as seeds, embryos, and DNA, play a crucial role in safeguarding plant diversity. With over seven million plant germplasm accessions preserved worldwide, gene banks act as reservoirs to prevent the depletion of crop diversity caused by climate change, sociopolitical conflicts, and natural disasters. This chapter focuses on the pivotal role of gene banks in conserving plant genetic resources, with particular emphasis on Turkey’s rich plant biodiversity. Turkey, strategically located at the crossroads of major phytogeographic regions, boasts diverse habitats due to its varied geomorphologyGeomorphology and climate. It is home to 8745 vascular plant species, including 2763 endemics; Turkey serves as a gene center for significant forest trees and wild relatives of globally important cultivated plants. This chapter highlights the strategic importance of Turkey’s genetic resources, which can be utilized for biofortification, stress resistance breeding, and phytoremediation. The chapter also explores integrating advanced CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing techniques into crop improvement and biodiversity. Among the plant families facing severe threats, Orchidaceae faces an uncertain future due to overexploitation, habitat loss resulting from human activities, and the far-reaching impacts of climate change. In summary, this chapter emphasizes the multidimensional significance of gene banks in preserving Turkey’s plant genetic resources. The integration of cutting-edge genome editing techniques and meticulous documentation processes ensures the conservation of plant diversity and the development of resilient, sustainable, agricultural practices. By safeguarding Turkey’s unique genetic heritage, gene banks significantly contribute to global biodiversity conservation and food security.