The chapter summarizes the status of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) in the Republic of Moldova. Over the past 60–70 years, a combination of socio-economic and political factors, along with the increasing harmful effects of adverse climatic factors, has resulted in significant genetic erosion of the crop gene pool. To prevent the disappearance of PGRFA and make them available for use, the country has established a system for their conservation. In-situ conservation takes place in state-protected natural areas (crop wild relatives, wild useful species) and on farms (local forms of agricultural crops). Ex-situ conservation is conducted in the seed genetic bank (active and basic collections) and the field gene bank. Conservation and management of PGRFA involve sequential activities, including germplasm collection, characterization, evaluation, documentation, dissemination, and use. Despite some progress in protecting plant agrobiodiversity, Moldova still faces unresolved issues. The primary concern is the absence of a national program for the conservation and use of PGRFA. A program and Action Plan for implementation were developed over 5 years ago within the FAO project but have not yet been approved by the country’s decision-making bodies. The main objective of this chapter is to provide real data on the conservation of PGRFA in Moldova. The issues of the conservation strategy of plant germplasm are considered. In-situ method allows for conservation of populations of wild relatives of cultivated plants in protected areas, and local forms of agricultural plants—on farm. Conservation of plant samples ex situ is carried out in active, basic, and working collections, as well as in the field gene bank. Other important areas of activity are described: characterization and evaluation of plant gene pools, comprehensive study of seeds, documentation of plant genetic resources, and others.