The importance of conserving and utilizing agrobiodiversity, particularly plant diversity, has been increasingly recognized due to its fundamental role in sustaining life and overall well-being. Genetic diversity in crops has evolved through selective breeding and environmental influences, resulting in a wide range of local varieties. Improving crop genetics is essential to meet the growing global demand for food, increase agricultural productivity, and adapt to changing climate conditions. Conservation of plant genetic resources (PGRs) is crucial for ensuring food security, economic development, and environmental sustainability. The Czech Republic has a long history of collecting and preserving landraces and improved crop varieties through various research and breeding stations. The establishment of the National Programme on Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources and Agrobiodiversity in 1993 further strengthened efforts to conserve PGRs through international agreements and acts. The programme’s main objective is to ensure the long-term conservation of PGRs and promote their sustainable use in agriculture, research, and education. The program is structured through the cooperation of various legal entities and the Central Genebank for seed conservation. The Czech Republic actively participates in international cooperation and adheres to global initiatives for PGR conservation. The country’s collections include a wide range of species that contribute to the genetic diversity of agroecosystems and the development of improved crop varieties. Conserving and utilizing PGRs are crucial for preserving and responsibly managing genetic resources, supporting sustainable agriculture, and addressing global challenges such as climate change and food security. This chapter focuses on the conservation and utilization of PGR in the Czech Republic. It traces the historical development to 1951, when the Czech Agrifood Research Center (CARC), until 31 December 2024 known as the Crop Research Institute (CRI), was launched, including the Department of Genetic Resources, highlighting the establishment of the Central Seed Genebank and the role of the various institutions. In response to the challenges of the early 1990s, such as budget constraints and policy changes, the National Programme on the Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources (NP) was launched in 1993. A key component of the chapter is the cooperation between the Czech Republic and global institutions and organizations on germplasm conservation. The structure and management of the Czech Central Seed Genebank are also described in detail. The Genebank holds over 46,000 seed accessions and makes the material available online through the GRIN Czech system (Germplasm Resources Information Network).