Food security and environmental protection are the most pressing issues in Azerbaijan, with a rapidly growing population, limited traditional breeding opportunities, and the impact of global climate change. Biological diversity is a crucial tool in addressing these challenges, safeguarding life and enhancing well-being. Therefore, a comprehensive and precise study of genetic resources is essential, along with the development and implementation of strategies and action plans in this area. The study of crops and Crop Wild Relatives (CWR), collection, conservation, restoration, reproduction by various methods, comprehensive assessment and study of viability and genetic stability, management and documentation, coordination, and other mechanisms of action performed at the Genetic Resources Institute and the National Genebank are explained in the present edition based on recent research. New distribution areas for dozens of rare and endangered species related to the CWR have been identified, and proposals for their protection have been developed. Prospective forms collected and documented during expeditions, included in genebanks and gene fund gardens, and chosen as a result of evaluating new local plant accessions have been recommended for use in various studies, including breeding, and many new plant varieties have been developed. This chapter provides information about the steps taken in Azerbaijan during the years of independence regarding genetic resources. It discusses the purpose of establishing the National Genebank, its history of establishment and development, and the values of plant genetic resources both in general and specifically for the country. It also highlights the priority plants of Azerbaijan, including their genera and species, both in general and those that are cultivated. Additionally, it includes information on national legislation, the management of national plant genetic resources, and the international documents that are utilized throughout all processes.