The management of plant genetic resources (PGRs) is essential for preserving the genetic diversity and variability of species with known uses. In Niger, the formalization of PGR management began in 1987 and encompasses over 500 plant species used for food, fodder, or medicinal purposes. Ex situ conservation is limited to freezing orthodox seeds below zero degrees Celsius. The government has implemented in situ conservation through protected areas and the INRAN gene bank conserves 10,875 entries from 54 species, with pearl millet, sorghumSorghum, rice, and cowpeaCowpea being the most represented. Genetic exploitation for PGR improvement involves agronomic, morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. This exploitation is used in breeding programs to develop or adapt high-performance varieties listed in the national catalog. As of 2021, there are 125 released varieties of 11 species in pearl millet, sorghum, cowpea, rice, groundnutsGroundnut, and maize, with breeding programs and many varieties used by farmers. However, there is a low level of exploitation of variability indicating that more efforts are needed for collection, conservation, and utilization. Decision-makers and technicians must collaborate to preserve and enhance the vast genetic diversity and variability for the benefit of current and future generations. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the collection, conservation, and utilization of plant genetic resources in Niger, including the state of plant genetic resources collection and conservation efforts and work on specific crops.