Agriculture plays a crucial role in global economies and human well-being. It provides food security, contributes to national income, and offers employment opportunities. As a fundamental source of livelihood, agriculture is essential for poverty reduction along with economic development. As agriculture evolves, there is a growing emphasis on developing sustainable, interdisciplinary approaches that can balance productivity with environmental conservation and adapt to changing global conditions. Hence, application of nanotechnology in agriculture is to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. Nanotechnology is manipulating materials at the nanoscale which offers transformative solutions for sustainable agriculture. This chapter examines how nanomaterials like nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, and nano-sensors enhance crop production by increasing nutrient efficiency, enabling targeted pest control, and supporting precision farming. Nano-fertilizers offer controlled nutrient release, minimizing soil toxicity, while nano-pesticides reduce environmental impact by precisely targeting pests. Nano-sensors enable real-time monitoring of soil and crop health, fostering data-driven and resource-efficient farming. However, the environmental persistence and potential toxicity of nanoparticles, especially their impact on soil microorganisms and possible bioaccumulation, raise concerns. Addressing these risks requires eco-friendly synthesis methods, regulatory guidance, and informed stakeholder engagement. The chapter underscores the need for interdisciplinary research to optimize nanomaterial design, assess long-term impacts, and ensure that nanotechnology’s integration aligns with food security, environmental conservation, and public health.