Aeroponics is a breakthrough technology in sustainable agriculture, providing a soilless, water-conserving way of growing high-value crops, especially vegetables. Aeroponics involves suspending the roots of plants in a mist environment, which provides maximum oxygenation and precise delivery of nutrients. Aeroponic systems have shown outstanding success in increasing water use efficiency saving as much as 98% over conventional soil farming and substantially increasing yields in vegetables like lettuce, spinach, tomatoes, and peppers. Aeroponic methods have been found to be economically viable for propagation, seed germination, seed potato cultivation, tomato cultivation, leafy crops, and micro-greens. On the global level, aeroponics is picking up pace, with the USA and the Netherlands at the forefront of commercial leafy green and herb production. Singapore, South Korea, and Japan apply it in urban vertical farms to address land and food shortages, while NASA investigates its application for space travel. Aeroponics is gaining steam in India by way of the urban demand for clean produce, government initiatives (Startup India, MIDH), and peri-urban farmers within cities such as Pune, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad adopting such sustainable and localized farming solutions. Vegetables such as potato, yams, tomato, lettuce, and few of the leafy vegetables are commercially grown in an aeroponic system. Case studies from organizations such as ICAR and NASA have registered up to 25–35% yield improvements in vegetables under aeroponic growth, along with decreased pest and disease pressure. The closed-loop design of the system saves water and nutrients, which is suitable for urban and dry environments.