Traumatic injuries, strokes, and neurodegenerative disorders all have the potential to cause harm to the nervous system, which is an essential component of the human body. Recent research has also demonstrated that neurodegenerative disorders are linked to a subsequently higher risk of mortality connected to COVID-19. Current pharmacological as well as therapeutic approaches are only symptomatic, involving axonal tract disruption. In addition, the therapeutic needs related to neuronal degeneration are not met since these therapies cannot repair or regenerate damaged CNS tissue. High treatment costs, ethical concerns, and graft rejection limit the application of stem cell-based regenerative medicine. The philosophy of neural tissue engineering has been created in order to solve all of these constraints. This philosophy places an emphasis on the investigation and development of intelligent biomaterials for neural regeneration. Among such biopolymers, collagen-based hydrogels have been used effectively in clinical studies to reproduce the unique physiological environment of neural tissues, govern cell activity, and promote the regeneration of injured nerve tissue. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of various neuronal diseases and the biomaterials that are being used to help regeneration in these conditions and their types and applications with some of their advantages and disadvantages.