Emergent contaminants and their possible negative impacts on ecosystems and human health have become a significant source of worry in recent years. Traditional wastewaterWastewater treatment methods have faced challenges in effectively removing these contaminants, thereby creating an urgent demand for innovative solutions. Among the emerging technologies, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have gained prominence as a promising biotechnological approach for addressing the elimination of emergent pollutants from diverse wastewater sources. This comprehensive chapter reviews profoundly into the utilizations of MFCs in the expulsion of new contaminations, enveloping a wide exhibit of risky substances, including drugs, individual consideration items, endocrine-disturbing synthetic compounds, and weighty metals. Not only does it highlight the practical applications, but it also explores the underlying mechanisms that make MFCs effective in this situation, clarifying recent advancements and developments in the field. The survey indicated that growing use of MFCs creates challenges, but it also provides insights on MFCs’ feasibility and safety to the ecosystem, beginning by emphasizing their potential to reduce the natural impact of emerging contaminants.