Fungal Oxidoreductases: Efficient Tool for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Pesticide Bioremediation
摘要
Nowadays, it is hard to imagine life without pesticides due to their high efficiency in agricultural practices to get rid of unwanted crop loss and and increase production to feed a population exceeding 8.1 billion. Pesticide formulations have different xenobiotic compounds which are hazardous not only for the present living beings but also for our future generations. The current conventional remediation methods are not only pricey but also sluggish, as well as produce some toxic intermediates. Microbes-assisted bioremediation involves environment-friendly manner of contaminant removal methods, which would be cost-effective and sustainable. Generic diversity, varied metabolic/physiochemical pathways, and adaptation strategies in various ecosystems are inherent to fungal communities and build potential to inhabit on diverse substrate range. Oxidoreductases are the pivotal catalytic weapon of fungal communities that help them to exist in the polluted ecological niche by degrading different xenobiotic compounds such as pesticides. Fungi, specially the filamentous fungi, viz., Trichoderma, Phanerochaete, Pleurotus, Trametes, etc., produce a number of oxidoreductases like tyrosinases, laccases, peroxidases, cyrochrome P450 monooxygeneses, etc. These enzymes can efficiently degrade pesticides of different chemical classes like carbamate, pyrethroid, organochlorine, organophosphate, etc. in a sustainable manner. In this chapter, we focus on pesticide mycoremediation assisted by different oxidoreductases, portray the detailed chemical conversion models of representative pesticides of different chemical classes, and also highlight modern biotechnological intercession such as immobilization, enzyme engineering techniques, omics-based approaches, etc. for removal of these emergent pollutants.