The industrial sector’s exponential expansion results in the accumulation of hazardous effluent within the ecosystem. The improper disposal of effluents causes detrimental effects not only on freshwater resources but also on the environment and human health. This is primarily due to heavy metal ions, pesticides, dyes, pharmaceutical waste, and other organic and inorganic pollutants. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective wastewater treatment technology. The effectiveness of the process depends upon its cost, biocompatibility, operational flexibility, energy demand, and sustainability. The use of agricultural biomass such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw, sugarcane bagasse, and peels of fruits and vegetables offers several advantages as an effective adsorbent for wastewater treatment. In this chapter, various types of agricultural biomass used for the removal of various types of pollutants in wastewater treatment are discussed. Furthermore, the current status of research on using various types of agricultural biomass and the mechanism of adsorption are also discussed.