The environment is getting degraded inadvertently with xenobiotic compounds which negatively impact the receptor ecosystem. Air pollution is emerging as a critical issue since it is directly involved in human health as well as other organisms. Many contaminants including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and chlorofluorocarbons pose a major threat to the environment’s quality. Both Indoor and Outdoor air pollution is raising a concern due to its influence on human health. The swift advancement of nanotechnology has sparked significant curiosity about the possible applications of nanomaterials in enhanced environmental monitoring and cleanup systems. It is largely employed in the domains of air filtration and purification, emission reduction, sensing and monitoring, carbon capture and storage, and industrial applications. Nanofiber filters, catalytic converters, photocatalysts, nanocoatings, fuel additives, nanosensors, nano adsorbents, electrospun nanofibers, and nanocatalysts play a major role in defending the environment against pollution. Since they have unique characteristics, for instance, higher surface area, nanomaterials can effectively absorb and break down airborne contaminants. Industries can improve ambient air quality and environmental protection by using nanotechnology to achieve cleaner processes, more proficient pollution tracking, and improved remediation. This chapter will address the concerns of air pollution in the environments, its sources, its effect on human health, different nanotechnology practices in controlling air pollution, and its future perspectives. The application of nanotechnology in air pollution control not only offers long-term solutions but also contributes to the development of reliable treatment plans for a sustainable future.