This review critically analyzes the evolution, production, and utilization of “green concrete” in the construction industry, defined by its incorporation of waste materials as part of its composition. It examines the growing trend towards green concrete manufacturing due to environmental challenges presented by conventional concrete, emphasizing the considerable potential of various waste materials as substitutes for natural aggregates. The research scrutinizes the use of waste products such as quarry dust, marble dust, ceramic waste, silica dust, horticultural and aquacultural waste, and recycled concrete aggregates as alternatives to traditional concrete components. Industrial byproducts from demolition and construction projects, including laterite, silica fumes, and waste glass powder, are also explored. This research also highlights how agricultural waste that contains pozzolanic elements, upon fine grinding, can induce a pozzolanic reaction that strengthens concrete. Moreover, the effective incorporation of waste from aquacultural farming into green concrete mixtures is discussed, highlighting its role in mitigating habitat contamination. The study asserts that utilizing these waste materials can not only enhance the mechanical properties of concrete but also lead to significant cost reductions (14–20%) and environmental benefits. Emphasizing the importance of waste management strategies, the paper concludes that an increased focus on recycling and waste utilization can substantially contribute to the sustainability of the construction industry and the production of green concrete. The review also elucidates the origins, characteristics, and attributes of recycled concrete aggregates, reinforcing the assertion that they can deliver comparable performance to conventional concrete, with additional environmental benefits.