In contemporary society, the aviation industry faces increasing pressure to enhance both economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. This dual challenge has spurred a growing demand for innovative solutions in aviation materials and structures. Among these solutions, thermoplastic composites have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique properties, including recyclability and heightened environmental friendliness. This article offers an overview of the utilization of thermoplastic composites across various aircraft models and significant projects. Additionally, through meticulous evaluation, the article examines the material systems employed and delves into the structural characteristics, manufacturing techniques, and joining processes associated with thermoplastic composites. By thoroughly analyzing these key components, the article aims to offer valuable insights and guidance for the future direction of thermoplastic composites in aviation.