It is very important to accurately obtain the vibration environment of the aircraft structure and airborne equipment. The accuracy of the traditional vibration environment prediction method is expected to be low, which may lead to the problem of over-test or under-test in the later vibration environment test. This paper innovatively proposes a vibration environment prediction method based on the transfer path analysis (TPA), which adopts the measured responses in the working condition to build the vibration environment prediction model, and then uses this model to predict the vibration environment under the new working conditions. In the laboratory environment, the vibration test system of a typical equipment cabin of an aircraft was built. The prediction model of the vibration environment of the airborne equipment was built based on the TPA method, and its prediction accuracy was verified. By comparing the estimated results with the test results, the error of the RMS value of the prediction model is kept within 20% when compared with the RMS value of the real testing data. It can be concluded that the vibration environment prediction method based on TPA is expected to have high accuracy, the data required to build the model is small, which is convenient to build, and has operability and practical value.