Bi-level Location Planning Model for Charging Stations Based on User Satisfaction
摘要
Amid the electric vehicle market's rapid growth, there's an urgent need for accessible, efficient charging services. Existing charging station planning research, while focusing on techno-economic efficiency, inadequately addresses user satisfaction. This study introduces a bi-level planning model that accounts for user satisfaction. The upper layer aims to minimize construction costs for investors and network losses, under constraints such as land prices and grid capacity, employing an improved particle swarm optimization for station siting and sizing. The lower layer measures user satisfaction via costs, minimizing time and travel expenses, with considerations for queue times and acceptable distances, utilizing Dijkstra's algorithm and queuing theory to calculate user charging costs. Interactions between these layers optimize both investor returns and user needs, validated through case studies.