Currently, food industries are confronting numerous issues in guaranteeing and preserving food quality as well as extending its shelf life. Biopolymer-based biodegradable and sustainable food packaging material, produced from renewable resources, has assisted food industries in fulfilling these challenges. As food contact materials, these eco-friendly biopolymers are progressively being utilized as substitutes for conventional plastics. Mainly produced by microorganisms through fermentative processes, microbial polymers have achieved great attention. In addition, plant-based and animal-based biopolymers, including polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids were widely applied in food packaging. This chapter primarily covers the recent advancements relating to the extraction, isolation of biopolymers originating from biomass products and microorganisms. The most common biodegradable polymers, general isolation and extraction principles, their biological activities, and their potential for food packaging applications were discussed in this chapter. Additionally, the biodegradation mechanism and issues linked to safety concerns about the use of biopolymers have been detailed.