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Two stable helium isotopes, \(^3\) He and \(^4\) He, are known. The \(^3\) He atoms obey the Fermi–Dirac statistics but the \(^4\) He atoms do the Bose–Einstein one. In liquid \(^4\) He at temperature 2.17 K, called \(\lambda \) -point, there occurs a second-order phase transition from the normal He I state to the superfluid He II state. The superfluid state of a liquid, first of all, is characterized with its ability to flow through the thin capillaries without any friction, displaying no viscous effects typical for viscid normal liquid.

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Theory of Superfluidity

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Serguei N. Burmistrov

摘要

Two stable helium isotopes, \(^3\) He and \(^4\) He, are known. The \(^3\) He atoms obey the Fermi–Dirac statistics but the \(^4\) He atoms do the Bose–Einstein one. In liquid \(^4\) He at temperature 2.17 K, called \(\lambda \) -point, there occurs a second-order phase transition from the normal He I state to the superfluid He II state. The superfluid state of a liquid, first of all, is characterized with its ability to flow through the thin capillaries without any friction, displaying no viscous effects typical for viscid normal liquid.