Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam), a tuberous perennial crop, is grown as an annual crop in tropical and semitropical areas all over the world. Due to their abundance of beneficial secondary metabolites, which give them the reputation of functional food, sweet potatoes are grabbing the interest of the food industry, consumers, and scientists. It is a herb with excellent medicinal value that has anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, it is a tasty and versatile vegetable that is quite nutritious. Vitamins A and C, potassium, fiber, iron, carbs, and protein are all abundant in sweet potatoes. Products made from sweet potatoes include purée, juice, canned, frozen, dried, and snack foods. However, there is a severe lack of knowledge regarding sweet potato diversity at the molecular level and other sequence-based indicators. This chapter gave a thorough explanation of sweet potato’s genetic resources, agronomy, molecular and genomic investigations, and future prospects.