Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a significant leafy vegetable cultivated worldwide. This chapter offers an in-depth examination of its genetic resources, reproductive biology, and breeding strategies aimed at enhancing chicory varieties. The discussion begins with the origin, distribution, and taxonomy of chicory, emphasizing the necessity of preserving its genetic diversity. It further explores the reproductive biology of chicory, particularly addressing the issue of bolting, which poses challenges when growing red-leaved chicory from May to July. Key elements of chicory breeding are analyzed, including the limited breeding potential for witloof and endives, which underscores the need for varietal diversification. The chapter also reviews the genetic resource collections of leafy vegetables, including chicory, and identifies significant gaps in these collections that could inform future germplasm acquisition efforts. Additionally, advanced breeding strategies for chicory improvement are discussed. Overall, this chapter serves as a vital resource for researchers and breeders focused on chicory, highlighting the importance of conserving and utilizing its limited genetic diversity to develop improved varieties with desirable traits.