Turnips belong to the Brassica rapa L. Brassicaceae family and are widely cultivated throughout Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean coast. This species is very diverse and has several morphotypes (leaf, root, fodder, oil plant). This includes the widely consumed turnips, leafy greens and other leafy vegetables, as well as oilseeds based on various subspecies. However, limited breeding activities have been reported to improve turnip. This chapter summarizes the diversity and breeding activities of turnip as a source of quality food and biotic and abiotic resistance. Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and East Asia are considered to be the possible centers of origin of turnips. Although native to Europe, turnips are now grown in Asia, France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Turnip varieties differ in root shape, color, and size. Turnips have high medicinal value and are used to strengthen the stomach and reduce digestion, and reduce abdominal swelling and pain, loss of appetite. Turnip is a cold-loving plant, so its growth slows down at high temperatures (>25 °C) and the roots become fibrous and taste bad. Some advanced breeding operations such as molecular breeding, mutation breeding, double haploid technique, microspore or anther culture, and traditional breeding are used to improve the turnip variety. Turnip is a potential source of resistant loci of clubroot disease. Breeders have reported several CR loci found in turnips that could be planted into various cultivated Brassica species to combat the detrimental and devastating clubroot disease. Hence, we need to collect, develop, and maintain huge grape germplasms to obtain a source of allelic variation for diverse biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.