Environmental epidemiology (EE) plays a crucial role in understanding the health impacts of pollutants and guiding effective pollution control strategies. This chapter explores the basic concept, basic designs of EE studies, how to interpret them, and the multifaceted contributions of EE, highlighting its historical significance, current applications, and future potential. The chapter is structured to provide environmental scientists, engineers, and interdisciplinary practitioners with a foundational understanding of EE. Key epidemiological measures such as incidence, prevalence, risk ratio (RR), and odds ratio (OR) are explained to equip readers with the tools to interpret EE study results. Furthermore, we discuss the essential role of EE in supporting pollution prevention and remediation efforts, using historical study and case like the Harvard Six Cities study and Love Canal tragedy. Key challenges and opportunities for EE are highlighted. The emergence of new contaminants and complex chemical mixtures requires innovative methods to assess their combined health effects. Technological advances in big data analytics, biomonitoring, and remote sensing enhance the precision and scope of EE studies. We also stress the importance of interdisciplinary collaborations, especially with engineers, to develop targeted technologies for pollution treatment and management. This chapter aims to initiate and spark collaborations by sharing the fundamentals of EE with scientists and practitioners from diverse disciplines, fostering a comprehensive and effective approach to pollution control.