Hydraulic Performance of Showerheads as Water-Saving Device and Suggestions for Improving Their Performance Based on Hydraulic and Geometrical Parameters
摘要
Amongst the various ways for water conservation, the use of water-saving devices is proved to be a promising option to improve upon. “Water-saving devices are the devices which use diverse method to save water without sacrificing the end user”. The water-saving devices mainly include pressure regulating devices, faucet aerators and showerheads. They are installed in domestic and industrial pipelines and save the water consumption. Since these devices are used in bulk quantities both in the residential, public buildings and industries, the increase in water saving per showerhead even by 5–15% will save a huge amount of water and pumping cost. The average home water use varies from 190 to 285 L per person per day and breaks down as follows: toilet 42%, bathing 32%, laundry 14%, kitchen 8% and cooking 4%. Domestic water use outdoors usually amounts to 50–60% of total domestic use. The performance of showerheads as water-saving device is studied in laboratory with a view to identify key factors which would encourage the reduction of both water and energy consumption. In the past, the showerhead manufacturers mostly made structural improvements restricting further improvements in shower quality and comfort. The research is aimed to develop [1, 3–5, 7, 8] and new models of showerheads based on improvement of their geometrical and hydraulic characteristics at various flow rates and line pressure. The research work aims to determine the hydraulic performance of existing showerheads through experimental approach. The variables identified for the research includes pipeline pressure, flow rate, pattern of holes, their size, shape, air passage geometry and length of capillary. Initially, existing showerhead models will be tested, and percentage saving of water will be computed for each model. Then the hydraulic and geometrical parameters of showerheads will be systematically changed. The new improved model will be suggested. A series of experiments have been carried out in the laboratory using the hydraulic flow test rig to examine the performance of showerheads. Three models (M/s Jaquar, Kohler, Viking) of showerheads were tested using the hydraulic test rig at different line pressures (gauge pressure 1.2, 1.0, 0.5 bar). For each model, various data like geometry, temperature of flow, line pressure, manifold pressure and discharge are noted. Based on the data collected, the most efficient showerhead model for a given line pressure and temperature is recommended. It is also observed that water saving through showerheads can be improved from 26 to 87% at low pipeline pressures and 46–92% at higher pipeline pressures.