The short-circuit current ice melting method has the advantages of fast ice melting speed and good ice melting effect. According to the physical process of short-circuit ice melting after the conductor is covered with ice, the mathematical and physical model of short-circuit current melting of ice-covered conductor is established in the paper to analyse the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of surface temperature of the conductor. The research results show that during the short-circuit ice melting process, the ice melting current must be greater than the critical ice melting current. The ambient temperature and wind speed affect the convection and radiation heat transfer on the outer surface of the ice layer. When the wind speed decreases and the ambient temperature increases, the convection heat transfer intensity decreases and the temperature rise rate increases, and reducing the ice melting time.