Shrimp maturation and seed production are vital to the aquaculture industry and crucial for meeting rising global demand. This chapter reviews recent advancements, challenges, and trends in shrimp maturation and seed production, with a focus on India. Since Fujinaga’s 1930s work in Japan on Kuruma shrimp larval rearing with diatom Skeletonema, substantial progress has been made globally. Improved understanding of reproductive physiology, particularly in penaeids, has led to advances in maturation techniques. Controlled conditions like temperature, photoperiod, and nutrition are essential for inducing maturation and spawning. Hormonal manipulation and selective breeding have boosted maturation efficiency and yields. Advances in larval rearing, specialized feeds, water quality, and biosecurity have enhanced early-stage survival rates. However, challenges such as disease outbreaks, especially viral, threaten production systems. Disease prevention strategies, including genetic resistance and biosecurity, are essential for resilience. Continued research is vital for sustainable growth in this evolving field, balancing scientific advancements with industry needs.