This study contributes an overview of the investigation of the application of polymers for ground stabilization in geotechnical and pavement engineering. This paper explains the signatures influencing the effectiveness of extensively applied polymer categories, including synthetic organic polymers, biopolymers, and geopolymers. These consist of the moisture behavior of organic polymers, pH, viscosity, solubility, conformation, charge, and particle size: molecular weight, an activator of geopolymers, types, and precursor types and ratios. Further, the study overviews soil stabilization processes with several polymer categories. The geopolymer stabilization process is via forming a Na+ or/and Ca+ aluminosilicate gel, which combines the neighboring soil particles and hardens into a more robust and denser matrix. After stabilization, the engineering characteristics of the soil classes applying polymers, such as stability enhancement, durability, swell and shrinkage inhibition, permeability reduction, and strength improvement, are explained. Eventually, the study demonstrates the challenges for the general application of polymer soil stabilization, such as moisture susceptibility, life-cycle cost considerations, and limited evaluation standards. Moreover, some direction for future investigation to build up the worldwide application of polymers in the stabilization of soils is suggested, including durability issues, in situ characteristics of polymer-stabilized soils, development of standard testing procedures, and stabilizing processes.