This research delves into the enhancement of microbial fuel cell (MFC) efficiency through the development of sustainable materials tailored for wastewater treatment and renewable energy production. Our focus centers on optimizing two pivotal components, cathodes and anodes, to elevate overall MFC performance. A groundbreaking cathode material, combining carbon nanotubes and activated carbon, is introduced to significantly enhance the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. Simultaneously, the study explores the innovative use of biomass-derived anodes derived from corn cobs and seeds of mango through optimized pyrolysis. These anodes exhibit superior electrical conductivity and microbial activity. The research introduces a novel approach to MFC technology, contributing to both environmental remediation and the generation of clean energy. Key performance parameters such as power density, current density, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency are rigorously evaluated to showcase the system’s effectiveness. By addressing existing limitations and promoting sustainable design principles, this study makes a significant contribution to the progress of practical applications in MFC technology.