Biodiversity is in a broad sense the total expression of life on the earth. India is one of the 12 mega-diversity country; it has two of the 18 biodiversity hotspots: Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas. It covers about 7% of the global biodiversity. Biodiversity is essential component for the survival of all species, as each life form is linked to another in a fragile web of life. Habitat change has a high and continuing impact on the local biodiversity, whereas climate change impact is moderate, but it may have very rapid change on biodiversity as a whole, due to overall changes of the area. The systems that cause deforestation, fragmentation, and degradation are directly or indirectly cause the biodiversity loss. However, the most significant contributors to the decline of forest biodiversity are usually of human origin. The transformation of forests into agricultural areas, overgrazing, uncontrolled shifting cultivation, forest mismanagement, invasive alien flora and fauna, infrastructure expansion (such as road construction, hydro-electric projects, urban expansion), mining, oil exploitation, human-induced forest fires, pollution, and climate change collectively contribute to adverse effects and serve as causative factors for the loss of biodiversity in forest ecosystems. As the forests degrade, the status of the biological diversity also gets degraded. This degradation diminishes the resilience of forest ecosystems, rendering them less capable of adapting to evolving environmental conditions. This chapter analyzes the forest biodiversity condition, actions, reasons for the biodiversity loss, research methodology and biodiversity legislation, and conservation strategies associated with this global agenda.