India is home to a rich plant biodiversity of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). About 7000–8000 species of MAPs are reported from India. About 242 species are traded in large volumes, which is more than 240 MT per year. About 90–95% of the raw drugs are collected from the wild since majority of MAP species are not yet under cultivation. Collection from the wild is destructive in nature, which causes a great challenge to the survival of these species. To cope with the situation, different conservation strategies are adopted using in situ and ex situ methods. The required level that would assure sustainable conservation of MAP resources is yet to be achieved. Popularization of MAP cultivation thus becomes the top priority in the agenda of commercialization. However, the lack of high-yielding elite cultivars for a majority of MAP species prevents them from achieving the target. Crop improvement programmes of MAPs have been initiated by various national research organizations and universities. Breeding for improved cultivars in MAPs is targeted with specific objectives of higher yield without compromising the quality of bioactive ingredients. The bioactive ingredients in MAPs are secondary metabolites which are highly influenced by the environment. Hence, while working for the improvement of MAPs, all the breeding objectives should be focused on improving the total targeted secondary metabolite content along with crop yield. Setting breeding objectives is made more challenging and complicated due to the demands of a large number of diversified end users. The present chapter deals with various breeding methods to be adopted for developing cultivars having high active ingredients as well as total biomass yield per unit area to fulfil the raw drug/raw material requirements of each client.