Organic wastes that are generated from living organisms and biodegradable in nature, for example, food, paper, wood, sewage sludge, and waste generated from papermill, brewery, textile mills, etc., which comes from municipality, industry, agriculture, etc., and disposed in landfills or is mixed with some oxidizers which convert it into non-toxic gases and inorganic residue which is useful for our environment and the whole process is known as incineration. This non-toxic gas is used for the production of biogas which is an alternative source of energy and the byproduct that is left from sludge also becomes beneficial and used for the formation of fertilizer that improves soil quality and inactivates pathogens present in the waste. In addition, due to being rich in nutrients, organic wastes can also be used in fish farming, for growing algae and also for producing aquatic macrophytes which are used as feed supplements for humans and animals. In this chapter, we have discussed a variety of organic waste and advancements in its chemical treatment for converting it into useful material for the society.