This chapter examines design principles for single openings in layered rock formations with thin, loosely bonded beds. It analyzes stress distribution in roofs formed along bedding planes, distinguishing between immediate and primary roofs. The approach applies beam or plate theory to assess deflection, shear, and tensile stresses based on roof span-to-thickness ratios. It addresses complexities of multi-layered roofs, adjusting calculations for combined load effects and includes equations for rectangular and inclined roofs under gravitational and external forces. Special focus is on gas or water pressure effects on tensile stress and deflection. Equations derive stress distribution and span calculations for roof layers in various geological conditions, emphasizing safety factors in pillar design and stress management. The chapter explores stress–strain behavior and rock properties in mining environments, offering design guidelines based on physical-property tests and techniques for stress measurement, ensuring safe mining operations.