BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are an important part of the world’s emerging economies. As developing countries, they play a leading role in the field of science, technology and innovation (STI), and serve as a major engine for STI development and economic growth in the world. With the new industrial revolution, they can generate stronger impetus for global STI and social-economic development. This chapter analyzes the rankings of BRICS countries in 10 secondary and primary indicators out of 100 countries, and introduces the evaluation results of BRICS countries in five STI reports. Our research shows that during the 2011–2020 period, BRICS countries have embarked on diverging trajectories in terms of innovation competitiveness, with China and South Africa scoring and ranking higher, Russia and Brazil scoring lower but ranking higher, and India scoring and ranking lower. The BRICS STI cooperation mechanism is an important cooperation initiative established under the framework of the BRICS leaders’ meeting. With a mature cooperation structure led by the ministerial meetings and supported by the senior officials’ meetings, thematic working groups and the young scientist’s forum, the mechanism has produced fruitful results in platform building, innovation policy exchange, joint research projects and young scientist exchanges.