Surgery-based multimodality therapy is currently the primary treatment for liver cancer. In 1958, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wuhan Medical College (now Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology) reported the first case of hepatectomy for liver cancer, marking the beginning of surgical treatment of liver cancer in China. The continuous advancement in liver surgery techniques has brought tremendous benefits to liver cancer patients. An epidemiological study was conducted by the Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology and the Liver Surgery Group of the Chinese Surgical Society, Chinese Medical Association on 42,573 patients who underwent hepatectomy (67% of whom had hepatocellular carcinoma; Fig. 10.1). The data collected from 112 medical institutions in China showed that the median overall survival time after hepatectomy was 631 days, and the 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 28.8% and 19.6%, respectively (Fig. 10.2). The joint efforts of liver surgeons in the past decade have led to remarkable achievements in the surgical treatment of liver cancer in China.