The current research investigates the principal hydrogeochemical processes operating in the groundwater system of Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. To accomplish this, a total of 54 groundwater samples were taken from shallow and deep wells located in urban and peri-urban areas within the study region and subsequently analyzed for various physicochemical parameters during post-monsoon, 2018 and pre-monsoon 2019. Piper plots revealed that Ca + Mg-HCO3 type was the dominant groundwater facies for majority of the samples. The results of Gibbs diagram indicate that rock-water interaction is the primary mechanism that influences the groundwater chemistry. Additionally, Na + K versus total cations plots indicated that weathering of silicate minerals majorly influences the groundwater chemical characteristics. Furthermore, the results of chloralkaline indices revealed that ion exchange process is also controlling the groundwater chemistry, albeit to a certain extent. The correlation between SiO2 and TDS highlights the collective effect of both natural and human-induced factors on groundwater chemistry. The results of Water Quality Index (WQI), revealed that groundwater from deep wells was relatively more suitable for drinking use as compared to shallow wells. In terms of irrigational and industrial water quality, the groundwater was found to be suitable.