Due to the harsh natural environment, sparse population, and low level of economic and social development, the implementation and realization of SDGs in the three poles remains a considerable challenge. To strengthen fundamental scientific research on the sustainability of the three poles in a changing environment, to explore how the water cycle, carbon cycle, and terrestrial ecosystems respond to global changes, and to accelerate the implementation of SDGs, this chapter systematically studies and summarizes the spatio-temporal changes in water resources, land cover and species diversity (including animals, plants, and microorganisms) within three poles. Furthermore, the chapter evaluates the potential of solar energy and wind energy in the third poles as means to effectively achieve the “double carbon” goals, which encompass carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. Additionally, it analyzes the impact of permafrost degradation in the three poles on the carbon cycle.