Allergic and Non-allergic Rhinitis
摘要
Allergic rhinitis is a chronic, IgE-mediated condition triggered by allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms include nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and itching, and are classified by duration (intermittent vs persistent) and severity (mild vs moderate/severe) using ARIA guidelines. Management involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy (e.g. intranasal corticosteroids, second-generation antihistamines), and stepwise treatment escalation. Visual analog scales and validated tools help monitor symptom control. Montelukast may be considered, particularly with comorbid asthma. Allergen immunotherapy is an option for refractory cases. Referral is indicated for unilateral symptoms, structural abnormalities, or suspected malignancy. Budesonide is preferred during pregnancy.